The Roles of The Office of Public Works and Spatial Planning (PUPR) in Flood Prevention Program in Bengkulu City, Bengkulu Province

Bengkulu City is situated in a geographical location that makes it susceptible to various natural disasters caused by climate, weather, and other natural factors. Human activities, such as the mismanagement of drainage systems, contribute to the occurrence of floods in the city. The responsibility for addressing these floods falls upon the Public Works and Spatial Planning Service (PUPR), which is tasked with providing basic services and managing regional government affairs in accordance with Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government. While


Introduction
Disasters are unfortunately a common occurrence in Indonesia and are often experienced by its people. The country's geographical location, situated at the convergence of three major tectonic plates-the Eurasian plate in the North, the Indo-Australian plate in the South, and the Pacific plate in the East-renders it susceptible to various natural disasters, including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc (Setiawan et al. 2020).
Furthermore, Indonesia is also at risk of experiencing man-made disasters due to various activities that pose a threat to the environment. These activities include deforestation, forest fires, industrial accidents, and floods, among others (Setiawan et al. 2020). Moreover, human activities and rapid development have been steadily increasing, leading to a growing demand for land (Bambang 2009). This increased demand for land, driven by economic and residential needs, has resulted in a decline in the natural functions of water retention and absorption during the rainy season (Suripin 2004). Areas that were once capable of absorbing and retaining water have been transformed into impermeable surfaces, causing an accumulation of surface water and reduced water infiltration into the soil during the rainy season (Bambang 2009).
While development activities are intended to enhance human well-being, particularly in addressing housing needs, the continuous pursuit of development without considering its negative impacts can ultimately be detrimental to humans themselves (Angrelia et al. 2020). The loss of land that was once responsible for absorbing and regulating water discharge contributes to the occurrence of floods. Several factors contribute to flood disasters, including improper waste management, erosion and sedimentation, changes in land use, the presence of slum areas along rivers, high rainfall, inadequate flood control systems, tidal influences, river physiography, Jurnal MSDA (Manajemen Sumber Daya Aparatur) 11,1 (2023) insufficient river capacity, land subsidence, and damage to flood control structures (Kodoatie and Sjarief 2006). Between 2000 and 2011 alone, approximately 77% of the national disasters recorded were hydrometeorological in nature, encompassing events such as tornadoes, landslides, and floods (Rosyidie 2013).
Flood disasters rank as the third most economically damaging natural disaster globally.
These events can strike at any time and often lead to the loss of property and lives. Floods can cause extensive damage to buildings and result in the loss of valuable possessions. Moreover, they can disrupt daily routines, preventing individuals from attending school or work (Findayani 2015).
According to the definition provided by the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), flooding refers to the submersion of previously dry land due to an increase in water volume (Setiawan et al. 2020). From an ecological perspective, flooding is considered a physical event that takes place in the environment where humans reside (Mukhtar et al. 2020). Floods occur when the ground becomes inundated as a result of rivers overflowing due to water inflows from higher altitude areas or due to heavy rainfall (Findayani 2015). Floods are a form of environmental pollution caused by the disruption of human ecosystems through direct and indirect human activities. The relationship between floods and humans is closely intertwined, as human actions can contribute to the occurrence of floods, and when floods do occur, they significantly impact human life. Hence, maintaining a balance between development activities and environmental preservation is crucial for human well-being (Angrelia et al. 2020), considering that the environment can serve as both a resource and a hazard (Rosyidie 2013).
Bengkulu Province, located in the western part of Indonesia, directly faces the Indonesian Ocean. It is characterized by relatively narrow plains and a coastline stretching 525 km (Citra et al. 2022). Such geographical conditions make Bengkulu Province prone to various natural disasters caused by climate and weather, including landslides, tornadoes, severe weather, droughts, floods, and others (Hadi, A.I., Suwarsono. 2010). The climate in Bengkulu City is significantly influenced by the Indian Ocean. When low pressure occurs in the Indian Ocean, Bengkulu City experiences heavy rainfall accompanied by storms and lightning (Akbar, as cited in Citra et al. 2022).
Moreover, Citra et al. (2022) Bengkulu City, situated in the coastal area, experiences an average maximum air temperature ranging from 29°C to 30°C, while the minimum temperature hovers around 23°C each month. The humidity levels in the city range between 81% and 91%. The monthly rainfall in Bengkulu City varies from 200 mm to 600 mm, and there are approximately 10 to 21 rainy days each month. The climate classification of Bengkulu City falls under climate type A (Wet Tropics), with 10 wet months spanning from October to July. The period from December to January is when heavy rainfall is expected (Bengkulu 2023).
The high rainfall in Bengkulu City is a natural factor that contributes to flooding. However, there are also non-natural factors that exacerbate the situation, such as inadequate drainage systems, limited river capacity, blockages in waterways, deforestation, and industrial waste, among others.
The Upper River Areas (DUS) experience forest damage due to deforestation and mining, while the Downstream Areas (DIS) face significant sedimentation issues caused by siltation. The accumulation of waste further worsens the situation, as the rivers are unable to handle the rapid flow of water. The specific locations of flood points in Bengkulu City are presented in Table 1. of 2014 concerning Regional Government to execute mandatory government affairs, providing basic services and administering regional government affairs at the provincial and regency/city    Thoha (2003) explained that roles are derived from the description of a position, which is outlined in a written document specifying the responsibilities associated with a particular job.

Results and Discussions
Therefore, in each position or task, there are corresponding responsibilities that need to be defined and established as targets for the roles and responsibilities of the Public Works and Spatial Planning Office.

The role of Bengkulu City PUPR Service is defined in Bengkulu Mayor Regulation
Number 56 of 2016, which outlines the duties and functions of Bengkulu City Regional Service.
The e. Implementing the approved activity programs aimed at flood prevention.
f. Conducting an inventory of areas that require specific flood control measures.
g. Conducting regular evaluation and monitoring of implemented activities to assess their effectiveness.
h. Facilitating coordination with other relevant work units and agencies involved in flood prevention efforts.
i. Preparing and submitting comprehensive reports on the implementation of assigned tasks.
j. Undertaking additional responsibilities and tasks as assigned by superiors to support flood prevention efforts.

A. Program Planning
The preparation of a work program in the water resources field follows a similar process as in other fields, serving as an initial stage in fulfilling the assigned role. This work program serves as a guide for the activities of the respective units in the coming years. The program is prepared with the aim of aligning the needs of the community, addressing the existing field problems, and supporting the regional development plans of Bengkulu City. Thoha (2003) stated that every role involves specific tasks and responsibilities. The Drainage and Flood Control Section and the Operations and Maintenance Section of Water Resources within PUPR Office have defined tasks as stated in Bengkulu Mayor Regulation No.
56 of 2016, which outlines the duties and functions of Bengkulu City Regional Office. These tasks are aligned with the plans, programs, and activities implemented by PUPR Service to fulfill the responsibilities of flood prevention and water resource management. Detailed information regarding these plans, programs, and activities can be found in the corresponding documentation (See Table 3).  conducting field surveys, and aligning with the vision, mission, and RPJMD (Regional Medium-Term Development Plan) established by Bengkulu City Government. However, it is important to note that there is currently no Operational Procedure System in place specifically addressing the activity planning process. Table 4 below provides an overview of the flood prevention measures planned through the researcher's self-management program.   However, it is common for ordinary people to refer to inundations as floods.

C. Reviewing the Relevant Laws and Regulations
In the performance of their duties and responsibilities, public service agencies are bound by regulations. These regulations include laws and regulations issued by both the central DOI: https://doi.org/10.33701/jmsda.v11i1.3202 government and regional governments, which must be adhered to in carrying out their duties as civil servants. PUPR Service, as a government office entrusted with the management of regional affairs, is obligated to comply with these regulations. This obligation is in line with Article 12, paragraph 1 of Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government, which outlines the responsibilities and functions of government agencies in managing regional affairs.
In addition to general regulations governing regional government affairs, PUPR Service is also guided by specific regulations that pertain to drainage. One such regulation is the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works Number 12/PRT/M/2014, which provides guidelines for the implementation of urban drainage systems. This regulation serves as a reference for PUPR Service in managing and maintaining drainage systems in urban areas.

D. Proposing Recommendations for Flood Management Program
Based on the research findings, the Public Works and Spatial Planning Office of Bengkulu City has implemented various measures to manage and prevent flooding. These efforts include the construction of drainage systems, normalization of existing drainage systems, building reservoirs, and active maintenance of water channels. These actions aim to address flood-prone areas in Bengkulu City, as outlined in the drainage system development plan presented in table 5.  Table 5 highlights the activity plans made by the Public Works and Spatial Planning Office of Bengkulu City, representing the regional government's commitment to developing an effective drainage system as part of their flood management efforts. These plans serve as the foundation for implementing specific activities aimed at improving the drainage system and mitigating the risk of floods in the region.

1) Drainage and Flood Management
One cause of flooding is malfunctioning drainage infrastructure. Consequently, efforts to address this issue typically involve physical development or rehabilitation of the drainage system. The responsibility for carrying out such activities falls upon the Drainage and Flood Control Section. This section is primarily tasked with the rehabilitation, upgrading, construction, and development of drainage following the initial stages, which include preparing work programs, planning activities, and recommending appropriate measures.

2) Maintenance of Operational Activities and Water Resource
According to Bengkulu Mayor Regulation No. 56, the Water Resources Operations and Maintenance Section is responsible for several crucial tasks related to flood mitigation in the community environment. These tasks include providing guidance on the utilization of drainage systems, supervising existing drainages, and conducting necessary repairs on drainage networks and other associated structures. By fulfilling these duties, the section aims to address flood problems effectively.
The provision of guidance and supervision is a subsequent effort following the implementation of water resources network development. This action plays a crucial role in ensuring the long-term sustainability of the implemented work program. The outcomes of the program can take the form of physical infrastructure or community outreach initiatives aimed at preventing flood problems. instances when the Water Resources Operations and Maintenance Section must work independently without coordination with the local community, particularly during sudden issues such as stagnant water or flooding caused by blockages resulting from garbage accumulation upstream. In such cases, immediate action is necessary to address the problem effectively.

F. Inventory of Locations Requiring Flood Management
To establish an inventory of areas requiring control, the Public Works Office collaborates with relevant stakeholders responsible for collecting data on flood-prone regions. This inventory process is conducted periodically, aiming to monitor and proactively address potential flooding in these vulnerable areas, particularly in anticipation of the rainy season.
According to the findings presented in Table 1

G. Carrying Out Evaluation and Monitoring of the Program Implementation
Within the realm of water resources, one of the responsibilities of the Office of Public Works and Spatial Planning is to conduct evaluations and monitoring of activity implementation.
This task is specifically outlined as a duty of the Drainage and Maintenance Operations Section in the Water Resources Sector of Bengkulu City Public Works and Spatial Planning Office. Based on research findings, the Water Resources Sector typically engages with local RT/RW (neighborhood/community unit) representatives. They inquire about any observed changes resulting from the implemented efforts in the respective areas. The sector also seeks information on any significant incidents that require attention, ensuring that the community's concerns are addressed. Most of the people in these areas felt greatly assisted by these initiatives.
Based on the results of the study it was also found that monitoring activities were carried out as direct supervision of flood points that had been handled. This activity aims to ensure that the function of the drainage remains optimal and prevents damage or problems that are not monitored. The community is also the strongest element in carrying out supervisory functions over

H. Conducting Coordination with other Work Units/Institutions
Coordination is an essential aspect of facilitating the work of each field and section in

I. Presenting the Program Implementation Report
Program implementation report is a crucial part of program implementation process. The report presents information to superiors and it shows the evaluation of the implementation which can be further used as the reference for determining future activities. The report of flood control has been submitted to the Head of PUPR Service to be later used as references in the future.

J. Carrying Out other Duties as Assigned
Based on the results of the study, the assignment of other tasks given by superiors is a task outside the main tasks and functions of this section. Other orders given by the Head of Service are only within the scope of being an agency representative at a meeting, not to decide or provide policy. The assignment is to become a representative for coordination meetings at BAPPEDA or between OPDs. The individual appointed to represent the meeting is of course an individual who is considered competent and has the ability to properly convey matters that need to be explained at the meeting. Therefore, the role of these sections must be carried out even outside of the main tasks and functions of each as a form of professionalism and loyalty to the leaders.

Conclusions
The City PUPR Service has effectively implemented drainage improvement and rehabilitation projects at 19 flood-prone locations. This includes replacing temporary ditches with permanent drainage channels and addressing blocked drains due to sedimentation through normalization efforts.
However, several challenges hinder the optimal performance of flood prevention initiatives by PUPR Office of Bengkulu City. These challenges include a shortage of qualified and sufficient human resources for technical operations, equipment damage, budget deficits, the absence of a comprehensive drainage development master plan, waste management issues, and unplanned constructions.
PUPR Service has performed its duties in preventing flooding in Bengkulu City. However, improvement can be made by applying these proposed recommendations.
1) The expeditious development of a comprehensive drainage master plan is crucial to bring better organization to urban planning in Bengkulu City, specifically regarding its drainage system.
2) It is necessary to enhance both the quality and quantity of operational technical staff by providing opportunities for education, training, seminars, workshops, and technical guidance related to flood disaster management and prevention. Recruiting new employees or temporarily assigning operational technical personnel can bolster the workforce at PUPR Office.
3) Increasing the allocation for the flood prevention budget in the upcoming fiscal year is essential. This will enable the repair or replacement of damaged heavy equipment and optimize flood prevention efforts in Bengkulu City.
4) Bengkulu City Government should formulate effective policies concerning waste management to contribute to flood prevention in the city. 5) Implementing stringent policies and sanctions for development actors who disregard the Environmental Impact Analysis in Bengkulu City is necessary to ensure responsible and sustainable development practices.